This is interesting as I have never seen an AC556 Link Positioner like yours before where it is made out of three pieces (two sheet metal and one stud)
However, I did look around online and came across another one posted similar to yours and can understand how it functions where the back piece of spring steel slides over the end of the selector barrel (as the other U cutout piece goes into the grooves in the selector barrel) and that back piece then retains the link positioner to the selector barrel as the back piece with the full circle clips/snaps over the end of the selector barrel.
The construction of the three piece units appears different with the stud part that appears almost welded to the two pieces of sheet metal.
I pulled my gun from the safe and mine is made with a single piece of sheet metal and the stud is like a rivet with a pronounced head on the other side. While you don't have a picture of the backside of your Link Positioner the other one online you can see its appears to be relatively smooth and the back side is all black. Mine in contrast has a very pronounced silver rivet head on the backside of the sheet metal piece.
Attached FileYours on the left and images of the one I found online on the right.
This is mine below.
Attached FileMy only guess is that maybe Ruger updated this part from a three piece construction to a two piece construction as the back part would break off over time and jam the gun (like what happened to you) and that back retaining piece is not really needed as once the gun is assembled the link positioner can't come off the selector barrel as its captive via the selector arm itself.
In terms of a fix, unless there is something else wrong with your Link Positioner and the stud isn't securely attached to the sheet metal with the U cutout, I would probably just use it "as is" like the two piece construction units are used in a non-retained fashion. I would be concerned about doing more damage welding or trying to stake on such a small thin part to add back a piece that isn't really needed vs. just using it as is.
You could maybe call David Spiwak and see what he suggests as well.
Good luck with whatever you decide.