Fuck you right in the pussy!!!!  The electrical theory I learned in physics is totally opposite of reality and it's all your fault!!! Maybe if you weren't carousing around putting pussy on the pedestal and kept your mind on your work people wouldn't have to resort to all kinds of mental gymnastics just so your little feels wouldn't be hurt.

Example: the "positive" terminal of a battery is where the electrons come from. It should be called negative!!!! So what's the rationalization? Oh, the electrons are leaving the area so now it's more positive. Bull fucking shit!!!!

I can't even get a proper definition of anode and cathode and it's all your fault!!! . It was always my understanding that anode was negative and cathode was positive. I was at peace with that definition for decades.

Now I'm trying to fuck around with my Arduino and I'm refreshing my memory of electric and it's all fucked up!!! My world as I know it no longer exists.

If I can't build my little obstacle sensing car or my weather station it's going to be your fault you wig wearing cross-dressing fat fuck! I can't even wish death for you because you are already dead! Your probably somewhere in the hoary netherworld laughing at all the confusion you caused!

Someone needs to build a time machine and go back and explain to you what an electron is only your stupid mistake fucked that up too!!!!   Now we can't build time machines AND IT'S ALL YOUR FAULT!!!

Just imagine a world where current was really electrons. DO IT!!! DO IT NOW!!! I'll tell you right now, it would be a world without democrats. Cats would lie down with dogs!  Cars would run on magic smoke which would be reasonably priced!


Rant over. Grrrrrrr!

Tell us how you really feel

You even positive ground Triumph Lucas smoke brah?

He even had 15 bodies buried in his basement

Show us on the doll where Ben Franklin touched you… it’s ok no one will judge we are here to help

That makes as much sense as Ben Franklin.

He invented the 100 dollar bill though, so that's kinda cool.

*you're

Don’t forget that kite with the key tho

Nerd rage.

Where in my rant should I have said "you are" instead of "your" as in it belongs to you?!?!

"Your probably somewhere in the hoary netherworld laughing at all the confusion you caused!"

Now don't change it! you take that typo like a champ!

Ben Franklin with a kite, gettin' Nova with a key.

Yeah, about that kite. It was negatively charged electrons. Not positrons.


I would like to see a Franklin vs Tesla cage fight.

Dammit.

I went back and read and searched. I'm too blinded with rage to catch typos.

At least I know an electron is negative. Or do I?

Up is down and down is up. Nothing makes sense anymore.

What did you expect from a dude who drank water instead of beer to save money when he was a young man? He didn't cut loose and party until he had them almanac duckets pourin' in later in life and could party like it was 1789. (I'd have said 1799, but he died in 1790, so...)

Heat up a cathode.  Apply positive charge to nearby conductive plate in an evacuated envelope.  See what happens.

Was it AC or DC that brought Dr. Frankenstein's monster to life? You should be mad at that mother fucker who supplied those angry pixies!

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I'll get on that tomorrow after I've had my coffee.

We love you, girl.  Don't get so amped up over it.

I know, Watts up with this guy?  It's like he's blown a fuse.  Ohm my God!

I remember reading stories of amateur radio guys making their own vacuum tubes using mercury and gravity to suck the air out of a glass bulb.

Little known fact - Ben Franklin would ask a pretty young lady if he could "borrow" her house key for a "Valuable & important electric experiment"

Later he would show (up after dark) to "personally return" it ...

Ol' Ben got a LOT of play with that "Let Me Borrow Your Key For Science" set up...

Bigger_Hammer

He was the best president we ever had.

A sweet romance is not for her
She really needs electricity
If you want to make her flip
Hit her with a microchip

So here is the deal: Electrons that flow through a conductor in an AC system alternate back & forth at a rate that is based on the frequency. This is measured in amperes, or amps. An amp is equal to 6.28x10 to the 18th electrons flowing past a given point per second. Think about that. That is a metric fuckton of little negatively charged jobbers being transferred from valence ring to valence ring of the atoms within the conductor.

As a result, work is done based upon the design of the load but heat is also created within the conductor. This is due to friction. As an example, do the Mr Miaggi wax on wax off hand rub thing. The more vigorous you wax it off the hotter your hands get. So from this we can see a limitation of any conductor is heat. The more electrons flowing the larger the conductor needs to be. A 12 gauge copper conductor can, per the NEC code book, can have no more than 25 (I think) amps flow through it. However, it is only allowed to be protected by a maximum 20A OCPD (overcurrent protective device) but that is a different discussion.

A 500kcmil (kilo-or thousand- circular mil) conductor can have up to 380A flow through it per the NEC. This is all based on the 75degree Celsius scale in table 310.15(B)(16). This table was formerly 310.16 up through the 2008 NEC & was changed in the 2011 edition. Reason being is that tables in the NEC are numbered based on the section that refers you to said table. There never was a Section 310.16. But back to the amperage thing...

So, this 75degree scale is what I personally always use, as opposed to the 90degree scale, because damn near all lugs on a breaker are rated for 60/75degrees but not 90. You see, any circuit rating is only as strong as its weakest link. If a conductor is sized based on the 90 scale but the lug isn't, than the lug will potentially get hotter than it is rated for and fail. Now some of you are saying that there are lugs rated for 90degrees and you would be correct but many circuit breakers are not made with these lugs. Always check the temp rating of your termination lugs. Look for a marking like 'AL9CU' or 'CU9AL. The letters mean that it is rated for both copper & aluminum while the 9 means that it is 90degree rated. If the '9' was a '7' than it is only rated for 75degrees.

Okay, where was I...oh yeah ---> amperage flows from the source, through the load, & than back to the source. Amperage, or current, should NOT flow within the grounding system. All of the green wires in the system are there for safety. There are different names for different parts of a grounding system based on where it is within the system. The part that makes the physical connection to the earth is the grounding electrode. 250.52 allows for the following types of electrodes: rod, pipe, plate, ring, concrete encased (commonly called a ufer, named after some guy named Ufer because he founded the use of this type of electrode), steel structure of a building, underground metal water pipe, and probably a couple more that I can't remember right now. There are restrictions to material type, install method/rules and such but I ain't going there right now.

The conductor that connects this electrode to your panel/switchgear is the grounding electrode conductor. This is sized based on the equivalent size of the service entrance conductors and isn't required to be larger than 3/0 ( that's 3-ought or 000). You see, on the American Wire Gauge scale the larger numbers are smaller wires and as the wire gets bigger it's AWG number gets smaller. Example being numbers going as such:12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0(1/0 or 1-ought), 2/0, 3/0, and finally 4/0. From here, the size is simply the circular mills of the conductor starting with a 250kcmil, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 750 and so on up to 2000. 750 is a big bitch, I couldn't imagine pulling 2000's!!! Who of you still call a 500 like this---> 500MCM? This is old terminology that means the same thing as kcmil. The first M is the Roman numeral for 1,000 just like k is the metric prefix. The CM than means circular mils.

What is this unit of circular mils that I speak of? It is an area measurement specific to conductor sizing. A mil is a linear measurement equal to one/thousandth of an inch. A circular mil is mils times mils. This formula is not like the area of a circle measurement which is (pi)(r)(squared). Why does the area of s conductor differ from the area of a circle you ask? I ain't sure except to probably get to a much more specific number for it value. A 12awg is 6530 mils, a 10awg is 10,380 mils & I don't remember any others right now. We can talk raceway fill (based on area) and box fill (based on volume) but that's a whole different discussion so back to grounding.

The conductor that connects the grounding conductor to the grounded conductor at the service is the main bonding jumper (system bonding jumper at a seperately derived system such as a transformer). This can be a wire, bus bar, or screw depending. I'm sure you are wondering what this 'grounded' conductor is that I spoke of? This is the system conductor that is intentionally grounded & is commonly called the neutral. It isn't always a neutral and could be a corner of a corner grounded delta but... This neutral is identified by white or gray insulation or black insulation with white or gray tale at its termination points. The neutral IS a normally current-carrying conductor. In your house on a 120v ckt the black, ungrounded 'hot' wire is where the current starts to flow through the circuit conductor toward the load. The neutral is the return path for this current back to the panel to the neutral bus, through the grounded service entrance conductor and finally back to the source or transformer winding(s).

The grounding conductor is the conductor that is continuously performing the grounding, or making the connection to, the metal non-current carrying parts n pieces of all the things. There should NOT be any current flowing on this conductor. This is the green, or bare conductor. What is the purpose of this grounding conductor? It's three fold actually: to put all non-current carrying metal parts at the same potential as the earth (remember the grounding electrode, grounding electrode conductor and main bonding jumper), to perform bonding duties & to be able to safely carry ground fault current to help facilitate the operation of the OCPD. Ground faults are typically high current faults that can be 1,000's of times higher than normal current values. During a ground-fault LARGE amounts of current flow from the source, through the circuit breaker, through the grounding system and back to the source. This is why the secondary windings of a transformer are grounded & why the main bonding jumper is what it is. The main bonding jumper provides a path for this fault current to flow back to the transformer. The circuit breaker says OH SHIT THIS IS WAY TO MUCH CURRENT!!!!! I NEED TO OPEN MYSELF UP!!!! Hopefully it does, as opposed to blowing the fuck up. You see, any OCPD has a rating called its AIC (amps interrupting current). This is the amount that an OCPD can safely have flow through it before it blows the fuck up.

Gear has an SCCR rating (shirt-circuit current rating). Kinda the same but more specific to the bussing in the gear. The higher the rating the more, stronger the bracing for the bussing. I mentioned that heat is created when current flow but one more thing happens. A magnetic field is created when current flows. Copper is non-ferrous (can't be permanently magnetized) but can become an electro magnet. Basically to magnetize a material you need to align many many of the atoms within it. During current flow some of the atoms, specifically electrons, all flow the same direction and work together so that their individual magnetic fields add to each other. The higher the current, the stronger the magnetic field. High faults can easily cause wires to slap around in conduits or for bus bars to be physically attracted to each other (bent like a motherfucker) until they possibly touch each other and blow the fuck up!!! KA-FUCKING BOOM!!!!

I can get deeper into this, explain how transformers and motors work, what voltage, resistance & power are, how to bend conduit in every way, and a bunch of other shit but I need to stop typing so I can get back to chugging my Keystone Lights.

TL:DR OP doesn't understand electricity...

Wait till OP tries to figure out the definition of now days “man” and “woman”…

I'm pretty sure Lucas electric is why Great Briton has never had a real space program.

I see what you did, and I agree

Well maybe you shoulda had a kite string tied to your balls in a thunderstorm to get electroejaculated and then you could have named it whatever you want.

just get to the zero point!

I bet he meant that Ben Franklin is still smarter than you're.

In the novel? Dr Frankenstein deliberately leaves out the method.
In the movies, lightning, so DC.

It was a pretty big deal.

Immigration. Electrons making a run for the Anode border.

Lucas. The prince of darkness.

Need to switch to an ARD magneto.

Currently watts wrong?

How dare you talk about our first President that way.

Your negative attitude is positively shocking.

Electricity is black magic.  No one really understands it.

I learned the conventional (incorrect) model of electricity. Started trying to learn the correct model a few years ago. I everything I learned was wrong. So confusing that I stopped and was glad my degree was in economics

Amateur .

As close as you will find:

There are two schools of thought that are confusing the OP. Those are current flow and electron flow, current flow is, IIRC, what's shown on schematic diagrams, even the symbols on your meter face. Pick the one most suited to your work and stick with it.

Here's my mnemonic: old monitors/TVs used cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which energized a phosphor screen with an electron beam. The cathode ray is the electron beam, meaning the cathode emits electrons, meaning the cathode is negatively charged. A bit long-winded, but it's the only thing that helps me remember which is the cathode and which is the anode.

What really messes me up still is solid-state electronics where instead of cathode/anode, you may have source/drain or emitter/collector instead.

Wait till you learn that the power doesn't even flow through the wires.