User Panel
User Panel
User Panel
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 1:50:26 PM EST
[#1]
The 50m kill radius is mainly a function of the pressure wave. The 50-100 casualty range probably has more to do with fragmentation. Being outside the casualty range only means that you have a chance of not being hit by fragments, especially if you stay low to the ground. Being outsid 100m in no way guarantees you'll be ok.
Posted Via AR15.Com Mobile |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 1:53:47 PM EST
[#2]
Quoted:
The 50m kill radius is mainly a function of the pressure wave. The 50-100 casualty range probably has more to do with fragmentation. Being outside the casualty range only means that you have a chance of not being hit by fragments, especially if you stay low to the ground. Being outsid 100m in no way guarantees you'll be ok. Posted Via AR15.Com Mobile Blast over pressure from a 155 is only a few meters, the M107 only has like 14lbs of explosive in it and the improved HE M795 has only 20lbs of TNT. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 1:55:41 PM EST
[#3]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8
Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run. That is a whole lot of shut the fuck up right there..  All I see is glowing things floating off into the night sky, like those paper lanterns. For those of us who have never been in the military, what are we seeing? A world of hurt. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 1:57:13 PM EST
[#4]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8
Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run. That is a whole lot of shut the fuck up right there.. All I see is glowing things floating off into the night sky, like those paper lanterns. For those of us who have never been in the military, what are we seeing? A world of hurt. Drag reduction module in the base of a M864 ICM round. It reduces suction drag in flight by filling the void behind the projo with gas similar to that produced by a tracer. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:01:35 PM EST
[#5]
You'd be surprised at how close you can be to an explosion and walk away - as long as the frags miss.
Two things factor in lethality; frags and overpressure. Frags travel several thousand feet per second, and mass from small and splintery (think the size of a .22 bullet) to larger sections - like the entire baseplate of the round. Weapons are generally engineered to optimize frag size for lethality against the designed targets. I.e. grenade frags are optimized to kill people, bomb frags are bigger to take on structures, etc... Generally, if you take a grenade frag or two, to a non-vital, you are damaged, but can walk away. A bomb frag - they hit you, you are f-d. The frag density decreases as the inverse square of the distance, so farther means fewer frags to shred your a$$. You can hide from frags, somewhat. Overpressure generally kills by rupturing blood vessels - usually lungs. There are tables to describe amount of personal (or equipment or structure) damage versus distance due to pressure. For example; 2.3 psi overpressure is the threshold for rupturing eardrums (minimal personal damage measure) and they go on to measure threshold for 10% lung damage, 20% lung damage, 50%, etc. up to certain death. The overpressure decreases as an inverse cube of the distance, so twice as far means one-eight the overpressure, you can shield a bit, but it tends to go around obstructions, diminished, but still gonna mess you up. Have a nice day. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:02:03 PM EST
[#6]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Wow, so suffice it to say if the germans had current US artillery and fire control, D-Day would have been a flop. Iwo Jima same thing. How do massed troops making an assault survive this stuff at all? I've seen it from a distance in person, and always wondered how anyone could have succesfully stormed Iwo Jima when huge guns had LOS on the beaches. Damn good suppressing fire? Nope, D-Day would still have gone as planned. We just would have taken more casualties to get the job done. Once it got daylight, any artillery batteries not taken out by the paratroopers would have been annihilated by tactical air, just like happened in real life. Problem was, the Japs couldn't mass their fires like we could. Germans either for that matter. We perfected the Time on Target and had the ability to rapidly mass fires from multiple artillery battalions. The Germans and Japs never really mastered that. Germans did better than the Japs, though. The only thing the Japs were really good at was camouflage and dying. Aerial delivered counter-battery wasn't all that good back than, tac-air is not all that good at locating firing batteries. During ODS, the US perfected the us of CBR linked via a UHF quick fire channel to get air over the enemy batteries as soon as they fired. It was all chance if the pilot saw the guns firing. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:02:19 PM EST
[#7]
U.S. artillery has been the very best for the last 100 years. Its all about fire control, putting the round on target when it needs to be there and where. Nobody does it better.
An artillery battlalion of 155's could write your name in an airburst at a range of 5 miles. Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Wow, so suffice it to say if the germans had current US artillery and fire control, D-Day would have been a flop. Iwo Jima same thing. How do massed troops making an assault survive this stuff at all? I've seen it from a distance in person, and always wondered how anyone could have succesfully stormed Iwo Jima when huge guns had LOS on the beaches. Damn good suppressing fire? Nope, D-Day would still have gone as planned. We just would have taken more casualties to get the job done. Once it got daylight, any artillery batteries not taken out by the paratroopers would have been annihilated by tactical air, just like happened in real life. Problem was, the Japs couldn't mass their fires like we could. Germans either for that matter. We perfected the Time on Target and had the ability to rapidly mass fires from multiple artillery battalions. The Germans and Japs never really mastered that. Germans did better than the Japs, though. The only thing the Japs were really good at was camouflage and dying. So the art of artillery was too imperfect at the time? For them, yes. The US was state of the art. It was one area where our techniques were far ahead of the enemy. Dunno about the soviets at the time; they just fired a shitload of tubes until the target ceased to exist. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:03:42 PM EST
[#8]
Nothing to do with artillery explosions.....however
I know a guy who was in line to fuel behind this 32' boat that exploded a week ago. He said the explosion broke several of the peoples legs? Killed one and injured like six people  The guy I know pulled several from the boat....The boat blew completely in half Not sure how much gas a 32' powerboat holds  http://www.goerie.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110531/NEWS02/305309931 |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:08:55 PM EST
[#9]
Quoted: Nothing to do with artillery explosions.....however I know a guy who was in line to fuel behind this 32' boat that exploded a week ago. He said the explosion broke several of the peoples legs? Killed one and injured like six people The guy I know pulled several from the boat....The boat blew completely in half Not sure how much gas a 32' powerboat holds http://www.goerie.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110531/NEWS02/305309931 Happens every once in awhile around here, jackass puts the fuel nozzle in a rod holder instead of the fuel neck, and fills the hull voids with gasoline. Generally it happens at terrestrial gas stations though. Most docks are full service. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:10:47 PM EST
[#10]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Nothing to do with artillery explosions.....however I know a guy who was in line to fuel behind this 32' boat that exploded a week ago. He said the explosion broke several of the peoples legs? Killed one and injured like six people
The guy I know pulled several from the boat....The boat blew completely in half Not sure how much gas a 32' powerboat holds
http://www.goerie.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110531/NEWS02/305309931 Happens every once in awhile around here, jackass puts the fuel nozzle in a rod holder instead of the fuel neck, and fills the hull voids with gasoline. Generally it happens at terrestrial gas stations though. Most docks are full service. Damn!
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:11:39 PM EST
[#11]
Well, I talked to a Vietnamese taxi driver some years back in San Diego. He claimed the NVA forced him to be a pack mule and carry supplies down the trail. Apparently, one time, he was just a few miles from an Arc Light drop. He told me that his ears were bleeding, he couldn't take a deep breath and he shit his self while the bombs were detonating. He said "this verrryyy baddddd. No hear ah... American planes coming, just fall on ground and sheet pants. Ears ah bleed long time. Sooo haaard to breath"
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:23:21 PM EST
[#12]
So, there you are. Guy took maybe 4-5 psi.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:23:36 PM EST
[#13]
Quoted:
Danger close is within 600m, FWIW. This was my thoughts...I wouldnt want to be any closer. Send it Steel Rain! |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:26:52 PM EST
[#14]
Danger Close is administrative in nature, creeping adjustment is done and the FDC is to compute QE to .10 of a mil.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:27:53 PM EST
[#15]
We got hit with rockets and mortars almost everyday in Iraq. I had a 122mm rocket hit in soft sand about 35 yards from my truck. The sound wasn't a sound, it was a pressure wave. It felt like somebody hit you with a aluminum frying pan in the head. My ears didn't register the explosion as a sound, kind of a whack and pressure and then my ears rang for 2 days.
Shrapnel cut the tip off the antenna which was about 3 ft from my head. The truck was covered in sand from the explosion and the truck "kicked" away from the explosion with kind of a gigantic shove. I just wonder what shrapnel missed the truck and by how much. Just think, a 1/64 or less of an inch lower on that rail and I would be dead. I still have the antenna tip and some of the rocket parts in my office. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:33:24 PM EST
[#16]
You don't wanna be anywhere near one when it goes off.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:44:13 PM EST
[#17]
Quoted:
It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8
Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run. Can you explain to me what's happening here? It's odd to see whatever that is moving so slowly, even though I know it's hauling ass. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:44:19 PM EST
[#18]
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/docs/hcxtaa/index.html
This is an into to field artillery lesson plan. Some good information on the types of rounds. Not so much the effects, but still interesting reading. Posted Via AR15.Com Mobile |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:45:20 PM EST
[#19]
Quoted: Quoted: It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8 Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run. Can you explain to me what's happening here? It's odd to see whatever that is moving so slowly, even though I know it's hauling ass. An entire Artillery Regiment is shooting. Not a Battery. Not a Battalion. The whole damn Regiment. You can see the rounds as they leave the tubes. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 2:50:06 PM EST
[#20]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8
Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run. That is a whole lot of shut the fuck up right there.. All I see is glowing things floating off into the night sky, like those paper lanterns. For those of us who have never been in the military, what are we seeing? A world of hurt. Drag reduction module in the base of a M864 ICM round. It reduces suction drag in flight by filling the void behind the projo with gas similar to that produced by a tracer. Now that's interesting. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 3:27:07 PM EST
[#21]
Quoted: Danger close is within 600m, FWIW. Warning not a restriction. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 3:37:55 PM EST
[#22]
Quoted:
It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8
Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run. WOW.. who ever was on the wrong end of that was hating life.... Well hating it for as long as he was still alive... |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 3:39:44 PM EST
[#23]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Quoted:
It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8
Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run. That is a whole lot of shut the fuck up right there.. All I see is glowing things floating off into the night sky, like those paper lanterns. For those of us who have never been in the military, what are we seeing? What you are seeing is death. Just death. In remarks of infantrymen I've read, something that stuck out was the fact, in this case I think it was a WWII german soldier, that he talked about how often he would urinate. The reason he did this was because of the sheer terror of artillery attacks. He didn't want to pee on himself if he could help it (and if he survived). He described it as utter helplessness. No matter how big, tough, strong or skilled another infantryman or even commando is, he is a MAN and he is right there. I can kill him. But artillery? There is nothing you can do. You can't fight back. You can't reach them and hurt them. You just have to take it. You have to sit in the hole or the bunker or whatever and wonder. Which one is going to kill you? And will it be clean? Will it be quick? Or will I die over here.... AND over there? Infantry are the Queen of Battle. Artillery are the Kings. And they wear that crown for a bloody good reason. You just saw it. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 3:39:54 PM EST
[#24]
Isn't danger close anything inside 100m?
60m ok, Im an idiot |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 3:57:31 PM EST
[#25]
If you are lucky enough to escape the shrapnel the over pressure could still get you within a given range. We lose a lot of troops due to that.
ETA: The size of the IEDs we are getting in Kandahar lend themselves to lots of injuries from the over pressure. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:07:57 PM EST
[#26]
Turn the volume up. How cloes would you want to be.
http://www.youtube.com/user/Cosmicalstorm#p/a/u/0/LlkziSSo0Bg |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:09:58 PM EST
[#27]
Quoted:
If you are lucky enough to escape the shrapnel the over pressure could still get you within a given range. We lose a lot of troops due to that. ETA: The size of the IEDs we are getting in Kandahar lend themselves to lots of injuries from the over pressure. Massed, probably unshelled, explosives, buried, absorbing the frags, except for sand which probably scours the hull of the vehicle. See lots of broken bones from the vehicle impacts - like the blowing boat mentioned above which probably slammed up against the occupants legs. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:30:33 PM EST
[#28]
Stalin called artillery The God of War. It's why Arfcoms obsession with individual weapons isn't really necessary.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:38:57 PM EST
[#29]
ETA: oops, you want to get whacked, no live....
Having been IDF'd on Anaconda: Far enough away to say "what was that?" |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:43:08 PM EST
[#30]
Quoted: DPICM firemissionQuoted: Quoted: Quoted: It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8 Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run. That is a whole lot of shut the fuck up right there.. All I see is glowing things floating off into the night sky, like those paper lanterns. For those of us who have never been in the military, what are we seeing? RAP rounds are a possibility (Rocket Assisted Projectile). I'm not arty, so I can't say for sure.  |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:44:13 PM EST
[#31]
Quoted:
Well, I talked to a Vietnamese taxi driver some years back in San Diego. He claimed the NVA forced him to be a pack mule and carry supplies down the trail. Apparently, one time, he was just a few miles from an Arc Light drop. He told me that his ears were bleeding, he couldn't take a deep breath and he shit his self while the bombs were detonating. He said "this verrryyy baddddd. No hear ah... American planes coming, just fall on ground and sheet pants. Ears ah bleed long time. Sooo haaard to breath" 1000lb bomb > 155mm HE shell by a wide margin. 27 B-52F's @ 30 tons per = 810 tons of bomb dropping by to say hello. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:44:35 PM EST
[#32]
Quoted:
Stalin called artillery The God of War. It's why Arfcoms obsession with individual weapons isn't really necessary. The opening battle scene from Dr. Zhivago is an eye opener for artillery.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:47:43 PM EST
[#33]
Wonder what the kill radius is on a 16" shell from a naval gun? Or some old WWI rail gun stuff that was something like 400mm?
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:50:50 PM EST
[#34]
Quoted: Danger Close is administrative in nature, creeping adjustment is done and the FDC is to compute QE to .10 of a mil. honest question: same gun, same round type, how much distance can each shot vary? |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:54:26 PM EST
[#35]
captured insurgent video:
 |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 4:56:24 PM EST
[#36]
I was a forward observer on the enlisted side, it has been a few years (three, plus one more since I really did anything with the gun line) since I was in artillery but...
The ECR (estimated casualty radius) of a 155mm HE(High Explosive)/Q(Quick) round is 50 meters. It has a range of 18100 meters. ECR of a 120mm mortar HE/Q is 45 meters. Don't remember their range, I believe about 12km IIRC. ECR of a 81mm HE/Q is 35 meters. 5700 meter range. ECR of a 60mm HE/Q is 30 meters. 3500 meter range. I don't remember what the ECR of the M119 105mm is. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:01:55 PM EST
[#37]
Quoted: A great video of the power of the 11th Marines! It really doesn't make much difference. It's not likely to be just one round, unless it's for registration or adjust. There's probably several dozen more right behind it, prox, burst, DPICM, delay, whatever. Or there could be a couple of hundred right behind it, like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYR-H4Hgoz8 Then there's nothing you can do, no where to run.  They did it on the 'Canal and the did it in Iraq. Best damn video of a fire mission I've ever seen.  |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:09:17 PM EST
[#38]
Do not want. First round looked like it landed right on top of the rocket launcher. If that had been a man filming and not a tripod, that would have been a dead insurgent too. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:11:01 PM EST
[#39]
Quoted: Stalin called artillery The God of War. It's why Arfcoms obsession with individual weapons isn't really necessary.  |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:27:41 PM EST
[#40]
Quoted:
Quoted:
Danger close is within 600m, FWIW. Warning not a restriction. Right. Quoted:
Stalin called artillery The God of War. It's why Arfcoms obsession with individual weapons isn't really necessary. As my 13B Drill Sergeant liked to say, "Artillery is the King of Battle... Infantry is the Queen.  " (he even made that face)
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:29:40 PM EST
[#41]
We're good at artillery.
As the Germans bitterly say. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:34:44 PM EST
[#42]
I would argue that we are hollowing out our artillery. The Army. The Marines are fine.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:38:04 PM EST
[#43]
Quoted: We had a female soldier in my PLDC class who was just a bit too hardcore.Quoted: Quoted: Danger close is within 600m, FWIW. Warning not a restriction. Right. Quoted: Stalin called artillery The God of War. It's why Arfcoms obsession with individual weapons isn't really necessary. As my 13B Drill Sergeant liked to say, "Artillery is the King of Battle... Infantry is the Queen. " (he even made that face)We all called her the 'queen of battle' |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:43:47 PM EST
[#44]
After getting mortars and rockets sent my way as well as watching artillery go out and just devastate the enemy I couldn't even fathom the horror of being stuck in a WWI/WWII style barrage.
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:48:43 PM EST
[#45]
Great thread
|
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 5:53:29 PM EST
[#46]
I feel validated. I got out in 94. First gulf war and Somalia.
I felt kinda unsure if my old ass had miscounted the number of guns in the sand.... so I googled it to make myself feel better. here is a post I found: " I can give you the current org of US artillery. Different from 10 yrs ago. The lowest firing unit is a Battery. Has 6 guns and supports an infantry Battalion. Next is the Battalion. Has 3 batteries and 1 HQ unit. Supports an Infantry Regiment. Then there is the Regiment. Supports an Infantry Division. A current USMC div will have 3 Direct support artillery battalions and 1 general support battalion. Old school. The largest Artillery Regiment was 10th Marine Regiment, 2d Marine Division during the late 80s. At least thats what we were told! At that time there were 3 direct support battalions (1/10, 2/10, 3/10) each with 3 firing batterys with 8 guns each. All 155mm M-198. Each of these batteries also had 6 M-101, 105mm howitzers that they could deploy with. Or deploy with a platoon (4 guns) of 105 and a platoon of 155. For float purposes only. Gave the ability to conduct an air artillery raid. There was 1 towed general support battalion, 4/10, with 3 firing baatteries with 6 guns each. All 155mm, M-198. Thene there was a general support reenforcing battalion.5/10, with 6 self propelled firing batteries. 3, 155mm M109A3 batteries and 3, 8" M110 batteries. All with 6 guns each. So at its largest the 2d Marine division had 126 tubes. 108 155mm and 18 8". " |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 6:04:06 PM EST
[#47]
Quoted: I would argue that we are hollowing out our artillery. The Army. The Marines are fine. Are they shooting 105mm at the Academy this year. Artillery day was one of the funner ones we did up there...they were trying hard to sell the Branch. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 6:06:12 PM EST
[#48]
Quoted: Just seen too many Hollywood war movies. Say a 155mm lands next to you. How far would you have to be to be unscathed and just require a make-up touch-up. Hollywood movies usually show pre-WWII style ground bursting shells. When we started fielding the proximity fuse in 1944 it was a huge step up in lethality (Patton said that land warfare tactics would have to be revised) and was used carefully at first to keep the Germans from capturing it. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 6:08:30 PM EST
[#49]
Modern programmable proximity fusing is a BITCH. Surviving a modern artillery barrage is terribly unlikely.
We have to pray we don't ever go to war with a force that has ACTUAL conventional artillery superior to our own. Individual weapons and tactical vests don't mean shit, artillery determines the outcome. |
|
|
|
Posted: 6/8/2011 8:02:19 PM EST
[#50]
Quoted: We have to pray we don't ever go to war with a force that has ACTUAL conventional artillery superior to our own. Not in this century. |
|
|
Win a FREE Membership!
Sign up for the ARFCOM weekly newsletter and be entered to win a free ARFCOM membership. One new winner* is announced every week!
You will receive an email every Friday morning featuring the latest chatter from the hottest topics, breaking news surrounding legislation, as well as exclusive deals only available to ARFCOM email subscribers.
AR15.COM is the world's largest firearm community and is a gathering place for firearm enthusiasts of all types.
From hunters and military members, to competition shooters and general firearm enthusiasts, we welcome anyone who values and respects the way of the firearm.
Subscribe to our monthly Newsletter to receive firearm news, product discounts from your favorite Industry Partners, and more.
Copyright © 1996-2024 AR15.COM LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Any use of this content without express written consent is prohibited.
AR15.Com reserves the right to overwrite or replace any affiliate, commercial, or monetizable links, posted by users, with our own.
